One
of the topics of his expertise is the Ukrainian famine of 1932-33. For a long
time he simply accepted the number of victims estimated by historians in the
West. When the 7 million number was challenged in recent publications both in
Ukraine and the West, Serhijchuk decided to conduct his own research to
establish as well as reasonably possible, given the Soviet’s propensity for
distortion, the number of Ukrainian
Famine victims. In the course of his research of archives and familiarizing
himself with the research and findings of others, he has determined that there
are serious flaws in some of the recent conclusions, particularly those diminishing
the number of victims.
The city of Kharkiv was the
initial capital of the Ukrainian SSR. It was the capital during the famine
years of1932-33. While historians and
demographers have generally referred to the three censuses of 1926,1937 and
1939 in attempting to establish the number of victims, none to my knowledge
have come upon or used the documents from 1932 which Serhijchuk recently
discovered. These additional documents
shed much light on the extent of the casualties.
Specifically there are
documents from January and October 1932 which perhaps best illustrate the
population of the Ukrainian SSR at its height since the famine essentially
began in the Spring of 1932 and its short term effect. It is important also to
consider a breakdown between the rural and urban populations since it was the
peasantry that was most affected.
It is also significant that
the 1926 census included questions on migration while both the 1937and1939
censuses did not. Finally it is important to recognize that since the decree of
January 22,1932 forbade people from leaving the territory of the Ukrainian SSR
the total population of the Ukrainian SSR could not have been much affected by
outside migration.
Serhijchuk was able to locate Soviet documents indicating that in January 1932
there were 25,553,000 rural dwellers in the Ukrainian SSR. This was an increase
over the census 1926 number due to a normal growth rate of births exceeding
deaths. By 1937 that number had dropped
precipitously to 18,825,842. Some may suggest that the glaring decline in rural
dwellers was not only due to mortality but aggravated due to migration of
people to the cities in search of bread. Interestingly enough the censuses
could not be used to support any definite answer. However, there is evidence of
a significant number of Russians relocating into Ukrainian cities in the period
of 1926 to 1937.
Published in Kharkiv the
capital of the Ukrainian SSR “Information about the territory and population as
of Jan. 1, 1932 in accordance with the findings of the Central
Administrative Territorial Commission of the All Ukrainian Central Executive
Committee” shows that the total population of the Ukrainian SSR on January 1,
1932 was 32,680,700 with 7,127,700 urban and 25,553,000 rural.
Furthermore as
of Oct. 1, 1932 according to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of
Ukraine, there were 31,909,000 total with 7,235,000 urban and 24,674,000 rural.
This second set of numbers is important to show the serious decline in the
rural population from January to October 1932 and the moderate increase of the
urban population. The decline is not compensated by the urban rise.
Including these numbers in
what has been know to date, the following tables represent the statistics found
by Prof. Serhijchuk:
Total population of the
Ukrainian SSR
1926 census January 1932 October 1932 1937 census
28,925,900 32,680,700 31,909,000 28,213,800
Total population difference
between January 1932 and 1937 is 4,466,900. If we include the rate of growth
between 1926 and January1932 at the rate of 2.1% annually (this may include
non-Ukrainians as well) and apply it to 1934-1936, when the famine was not in
effect, the growth should have been 1,828,254, thus a total population decline
in the Ukrainian SSR from January 1932 when the famine was beginning to take
effect to January 1937 prior to Stalin’s and Yezhov’s purges of 6,295,154. It
is important to bear in mind that significant numbers of Russians came into
Ukraine’s cities in the late 1920’s for such projects as Dniprobud beginning in
1927, etc.
Rural population of the
Ukrainian SSR
1926 census January 1932 October 1932 1937 census
23,663,113 25,553,000 24,674,000 18,825,842
Total rural population
difference between January 1932 and1937 is 6,727,158. If we include the annual
rate of growth between 1926 and January 1932 of the rural population at 1.33%
and apply it to 1934-1936 when the famine was no longer in effect, applying
this rate to the lowest available number of the 1937 census, the growth should have been 753,034, thus a
total rural population decline in the Ukrainian SSR from January 1932 when the
famine was beginning to take effect to January 1937 prior to the purges of
7,480,192.
Serhijchuk also stresses
that the victims of famine should refer not only to those whose names were
recorded in the documents of death, but also those nameless hungry individuals
who could not travel to Russia for bread and were buried near the railway
stations in large graves which even today no one has investigated. Similar
graves exist near large factories and mines, whose directors did not hire local
farmers exhausted by hunger and instead recruited labor outside the Ukrainian
SSR, for example, in Zaporozhye near the Dnieper area. Victims were those also
who were executed or died in prison convicted of the crime of hoarding “five ears of grain”, whose bodies were not
given to relatives for burial in his/her native village. Then there were many
anonymous bread seekers who were victims of cannibals or wild animals. No
statistics were kept of those who died from bullets of Soviet border guards
when they tried to cross the border to Poland or Romania.
Only after careful and
complete consideration of all the circumstances, can one determine the final
losses of the Ukrainian peasants during the famine of 1932 1933. Unfortunately,
to date no researchers have completed this work.
These numbers are applicable to the Ukrainian SSR only.
Additional Ukrainian victims should be considered from regions of the Russian
SSR, specifically, the Kuban region, which was heavily populated by Ukrainians
and from which migration was barred by the January 22, 1933 decree as well.
Also there were Ukrainian prisoners in the “five ears of grain” category who
died in transit or in concentration camps on the territory of Russia. The noted
historian Robert Conquest without the benefit of Soviet archives had estimated
in the 1980’s that some one million Ukrainians died as a result of the 1932-33
famine outside the Ukrainian SSR. No serious historian or demographer has
addressed or controverted that number.
Simply put in conclusion, the number of Ukrainian victims of the
famine of 1932-33, the generally accepted 7 million total is clearly and
convincingly supported by the accumulated evidence. As to the issue of whether
it was a genocide of the Ukrainian peasantry, there is no issue. The Ukrainian peasant was suppose to die.
