In 2004, when the administration of former U.S. President George W. Bush was deciding how to respond to the situational alliance that France, Germany and Russia had formed on the UN Security Council in opposition to the U.S. invasion of Iraq, U.S. National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice put it succinctly: “Forgive Russia, ignore Germany and punish France.” She was referring to the fact that former French President Jacques Chirac had organized the anti-U.S. coalition.

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