You're reading: New York Times: What awaits Navalny in Russia’s brutal penal colony system

While doing time in a Russian penal colony, Aleksandr Y. Margolin saw prisoners savagely beat another inmate, and from that point on, the beaten man obediently cleaned the toilet every day, a demeaning chore signaling that he had fallen into a low caste in the prison hierarchy, known as the “degraded.”

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